Breast Cancer - Treatment

The mainstay of breast cancer treatment is surgery when the tumor is localized, with possible adjuvant hormonal therapy (with tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor), chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. At present, the treatment recommendations after surgery (adjuvant therapy) follow a pattern. This pattern is subject to change, as every two years, a worldwide conference takes place in St. Gallen, Switzerland, to discuss the actual results of worldwide multi-center studies. Depending on clinical criteria (age, type of cancer, size, metastasis) patients are roughly divided to high risk and low risk cases, with each risk category following different rules for therapy. Treatment possibilities include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immune therapy.

In planning treatment, doctors can also use PCR tests like Oncotype DX or microarray tests like MammaPrint that predict breast cancer recurrence risk based on gene expression. In February 2007, the MammaPrint test became the first breast cancer predictor to win formal approval from the Food and Drug Administration. This is a new gene test to help predict whether women with early-stage breast cancer will relapse in 5 or 10 years, this could help influence how aggressively the initial tumor is treated.

Lung Cancer - Staging

Staging is the extent of the spread of cancer definition method. Staging is very important, it is because of your recovery and treatment may depend on the profile of your cancer staging. For example, a period of cancer may be the best treatment, while the other would be preferable in the treatment of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Small-cell and non-small cell lung cancer staging system is not the same.

Patients with lung cancer treatment and prognosis (survival may Overview) depends largely on the stage of cancer and cell types. CT, MRI, scans, bone marrow biopsy, mediastinal microscope and hematology checks can be used for cancer staging.

Be sure to let your doctor you can understand the way in which you explain your view, to decide which treatment best suited to your personal medical situation.

Non-small cell lung cancer staging:
Most often used to describe non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the growth and spread of the TNM staging system, also called the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). In the TNM staging, combined with the tumor, nearby lymph nodes and distant organs transfer of information, which used to refer to specific phases of the TNM grouping. Packet staging and the use of digital 0 Roman numerals I to IV to describe.

T representative tumor (in the lungs, as well as the size and extent of the spread of approaching organ), the representative lymph node spread of N, M said metastasis (spread to distant organs).

Non-small cell lung cancer staging T: T classification according to the size of lung cancer in the lungs and the proliferation of location, spread to the extent of approaching organizations.

Tis
- Cancer confined to the airway lining cells pathway. Not spread to the other lung tissue, lung cancer is often called carcinoma in situ.

T1
- Tumors less than 3 cm (slightly less than 11 / 4 inches), did not spread to visceral pleural (lung wrapped with the membrane), and did not affect the main bronchus.

T2
- Cancer one or more of the following characteristics:

• greater than 3 cm


• main bronchial involvement, but from the carina (trachea into place around the main bronchus) more than 2 cm (about 3 / 4 inches).


• Already spread to the visceral pleura


• Cancer partial obstruction of the airway, but did not cause lung or in proper pneumonia

T3
- Cancer one or more of the following characteristics:

• Spread to the chest wall, diaphragm (to be separate from the chest and abdominal respiratory muscle), mediastinal pleura (the gap between the lungs wrapped with the membrane), or layer of pericardial (heart wrapped membrane).


• Side of the main bronchial involvement from the carina (trachea into place around the main bronchus) less than 2 cm (about 3 / 4 inches) but do not include the carina.


• Into the airway has been long enough to cause lung or all in proper pneumonia.

T4
- Cancer one or more of the following characteristics:

• Spread to mediastinal (sternum after the gap in front of the heart), heart, trachea, esophagus (connecting hose pipe and the stomach), spine, or carina (trachea into place around the main bronchus).


• With a lobe, there are two or more independent of tumor nodules


• With malignant pleural effusion (fluid around the lung, cancer cells contain).
  

Non-small cell lung cancer classification N
N staging of cancer depends on the violation of the lymph nodes near.
N0: cancer has not spread to lymph nodes
N1: the proliferation of lymph node cancer confined to the lungs, hilar lymph nodes (located in bronchial pulmonary enter the local environs). Limited to the lymph node metastasis from lung ipsilateral.
N2: carina cancer has spread to lymph nodes (around tracheal bronchus into position around), or mediastinal lymph node (sternum after heart before the gap). Limited to the lymph nodes involved with ipsilateral lung.
N3: Cancer has spread to the ipsilateral or contralateral supraclavicular lymph node, and (or) from spreading to the contralateral lung hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes.

Table 1: Non-small cell lung cancer group stages



Non-small cell lung cancer staging M
M phases depends on whether the cancer organization or transferred to distant organs.
M0: no distant proliferation.
M1: cancer has spread to one or more distant sites. Other sites include distant lobe, exceeding by more than N staging, and the lymph nodes or other organs, such as the liver, bone or brain.
Non-small cell lung cancer staging groups: Once the T, N and M phases clear, and the combination of these messages (phased organization) would be a clear integrated phases 0, I, II, III or IV period (see table 1). Staging relatively low patient survival prospects good.

Stage small cell lung cancer
Although small cell lung cancer can be as non-small cell lung cancer the same stage, but doctors found that the vast majority of physicians two more simple system in the treatment of a better option. The system will be divided into small-cell lung cancer, "the deadline" and "extensive" period (also called the proliferation of period).

Deadline that the cancer is limited to the lung and lymph nodes only side in the same side of the chest.

If the cancer spread to the other side of the lung, chest or contralateral lymph nodes or distant organs, or is enveloping the pulmonary malignant pleural effusion, called extensive period.

Breast Cancer - Staging

Breast cancer is staged according to the TNM system, updated in the AJCC Staging Manual, now on its sixth edition. Prognosis is closely linked to results of staging, and staging is also used to allocate patients to treatments both in clinical trials and clinical practice. The information for staging is as follows:

TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed. T0: No evidence of tumor. Tis: Carcinoma in situ, no invasion T1: Tumor is 2 cm or less T2: Tumor is more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm T3: Tumor is more than 5 cm T4: Tumor of any size growing into the chest wall or skin, or inflammatory breast cancer

NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed N0: Cancer has not spread to regional lymph nodes. N1: Cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary or one internal mammary lymph node N2: Cancer has spread to 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes or multiple internal mammary lymph nodes N3: One of the following applies:

Cancer has spread to 10 or more axillary lymph nodes, or Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the clavicle (collar bone), or Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes above the clavicle, or Cancer involves axillary lymph nodes and has enlarged the internal mammary lymph nodes, or Cancer involves 4 or more axillary lymph nodes, and tiny amounts of cancer are found in internal mammary lymph nodes on sentinel lymph node biopsy.

MX: Presence of distant spread (metastasis) cannot be assessed. M0: No distant spread. M1: Spread to distant organs, not including the supraclavicular lymph node, has occurred

Summary of stages:

Stage 0 - Carcinoma in situ
Stage I - Tumor (T) does not involve axillary lymph nodes (N).
Stage IIA – T 2-5 cm, N negative, or T <2 cm and N positive.
Stage IIB – T > 5 cm, N negative, or T 2-5 cm and N positive (< 4 axillary nodes).
Stage IIIA – T > 5 cm, N positive, or T 2-5 cm with 4 or more axillary nodes
Stage IIIB – T has penetrated chest wall or skin, and may have spread to < 10 axillary N
Stage IIIC – T has > 10 axillary N, 1 or more supraclavicular or infraclavicular N, or internal mammary N.
Stage IV – Distant metastasis (M)
Breast lesions are examined for certain markers, notably sex steroid hormone receptors. About two thirds of postmenopausal breast cancers are estrogen receptor positive (ER+) and progesterone receptor positive (PR+).[83] Receptor status modifies the treatment as, for instance, only ER-positive tumors, not ER-negative tumors, are sensitive to hormonal therapy.

The breast cancer is also usually tested for the presence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, a protein also known as HER2, neu or erbB2. HER2 is a cell-surface protein involved in cell development. In normal cells, HER2 controls aspects of cell growth and division. When activated in cancer cells, HER2 accelerates tumor formation. About 20-30% of breast cancers overexpress HER2. Those patients may be candidates for the drug trastuzumab, both in the postsurgical setting (so-called "adjuvant" therapy), and in the metastatic setting.

Pregnancy

The joy of having a baby is one of the most prized and joyful experiences in a woman's life time. However there are so many books giving you advice on different aspects of being pregnant. Well, below is our list of things you should know and practice while pregnant.

Green tea- Yes green tea will give you everything you need to keep your body running well. Take it unsweetened all day long. It will keep you active and happy.

Walk- Keeping fit isn't the goal here. Walking will help your baby also. It keeps your baby moving and promotes an on time labor. Walking is a great way start the day off with. Don't forget to eat breakfast.

Relax- Stressing out is the last thing you want to do while pregnant. Reading a book is great for relaxing and of course nice music. If you stress out you may end up endorsing labor. Be sure that your close family members know this and can help you relax even more.

Be surrounded by love- Let's be honest, when you are pregnant you will feel as if you are huge. Being around people who love you and don't care how big you are means a lot. And will make you feel much better about yourself.

Laugh- Hahaha.. laughter is a great gift. Laughing can turn you from being sad to making you cry of joy. Have fun with your life. You're about to have a baby after all. Ask other mothers around you to tell you their crazy kid stories. You'll be so happy that you'll look even more forward to sharing your own stories over and over again.

Lung Cance - Early symtoms (Must Read)

Implicit gradually lung cancer, and its early symptoms not much, and some people even without detectable, but only occasionally found in the physical examination. Once a significant symptom, often already close to the late, when treatment has been very difficult, and patients with high mortality rates. So for lung cancer, in your its diagnosis and treatment.

Following the early symptoms and signs of early diagnosis of lung cancer have some help:

1. A dry cough, choking over two weeks, and the anti-inflammatory treatment ineffective, or the original nature of chronic cough suddenly change;

2. Bloody sputum and sudden chest pain is just unbearable, and no obvious reasons to explain;

3. Lung auscultation, there are limitations Wheezing audition Diyin, Han and the sound does not change because of coughing;

4. Repeated a place in the lung inflammatory changes;

5. And we can not explain the limitations of the general tracheitis Feiwenli increase or limitations emphysema;

6. Long-term smoker, change cough, sputum and blood.

Nutrition Product - Bad for our health?

Many people are misunderstanding the function of nutrition product. They tough the nutrition can fulfill everything they needed and ignore their lifestyle and food.

Nutrition product is actually just an additional “food” for you to fulfill your body needed because the human being nowadays is busying and sometime might ignore some nutrition. The expert always commented that if you eat fast food often, smoke or drink alcohol a lot, not enough sleep, less exercise/sport, then no matter how much the nutrition product you took, you would not have a health body.

Balance Nutrition is very important, the three golden subjective are
1. Balance Food and Drink
2. Suitable amount of the Food and Drink
3. Multi-level of foods (refer to food pyramid)


Well, as per mentioned before, that is not easy for us to get balance food daily, that is the reason to take nutrition product will can help us in better balancing nutrition for our body. However, nutrition product we took should be from nature.

On the other hand, if you are a patient such as Diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and etc, then nutrition product might make you getting worse. In order to protect yourself, always suggest to get advices from the doctor before you take any nutrition product. Let the expert do their job.

Final conclusion is our lifestyle is the root cause of our health. Take care our lifestyle is better then take the nutrition product. However, we have to take nutrition product, only after the advices from doctor or just consider it as additional “food” for better nutrition.

Lung cancer - Common Sign & Symtoms

Common lung cancer sig and symptoms

Sign

1. Cough
The most common initial symptoms. Due to tumor size, location can be different for the performance of dry cough, cough RUF, with the sound of wheezing cough and cough with metal sound.

2. Expectoration
About 15% since the beginning of expectoration, mostly white sputum. Vascularized tumor rupture, sputum, hemoptysis sustainable, but also for intermittent. 25 ~ 40% of patients with lung cancer hemoptysis.

3. Chest pain
Early to chest discomfort. When tumors involving the chest wall could lead to a sustained, intense chest pain.

4. Wheeze
Some obstruction due to bronchial asthma, making breathing sound.

5. Shortness of breath
Common bronchial spasm, obstruction, pulmonary infection, pulmonary diseases such as pleural effusion or different degrees of shortness of breath.

6. Fever
Because of bronchial obstruction, stasis secretions caused varying degrees of inflammation.


Symptoms

1. Hoarseness
When the tumor can cause violations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, dumb pronunciation, speaking in a "whisper-like."

2. Facial swelling
Tumor suppression on the inferior vena cava, causing facial swelling, skin Purpurin, dizziness, vertigo, stuffy nose and other symptoms increase when supine. Another upper extremity, neck swelling often occurred.

3. supraclavicular lymph nodes: in the supraclavicular fossa visible enlarged lymph nodes, advanced mass can be formed.

4. Dysphagia
To mediastinal lymph node metastasis of lung cancer, esophageal oppression from eating difficulties.

5. Clubbed fingers, toes and lung Osteoarthropathy
Patients with lung cancer can occur clubbed fingers and toes of. Some patients showed early migration of large joints deep burning sensation.

6. The transfer of lung cancer caused by other symptoms
Transfer to the brain can cause headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and hemiplegia; bone metastasis, such as bone pain caused.

Little children mental development by playing game (Part 1)

Here choose a group of games, from different angles training, physical development among children of flexibility and coordination. Easy to use, simple and appropriate in the family do.

Game 1: Long Arm game
Objective: To cultivate children's ability of flexible
Material: Trouser
Method: Wear the trouser with hand as "Long Arm"monster, then who was touched by the trouser are considered lose.
Recommendations: start playing, so that children can run free hand, parents who do the long arm. And then swap roles, then the transition to chase each other.


GAne 2: Mountain climbing
Objective: To train children in his leg strength.
Material: the use of public housing opportunities.
Method: Assuming te stairs is the mountain. Then parent lead the children to clamb the mountain. When all are success climb up the "Peak" and cheers: "We have to Peak!"
Suggestions: Parents should pay attention to protection. According to a high degree of endurance and gradually increase the difficulty to children's physical exercise and athletic ability.


Gme 3: "Acrobatic performances"
Objective: To train children's waiste and abdominal.
Material: plastic bottles, rope and thin bamboo pole.
Preparation: parents and children together to get through bottle-shaped into a sleeve. do some colouring or drawing on it, and then rope it up or use the thin bamboo pole to string up sleeves. Then just fix it accoring to the high of parents or children to sit for an encounter with their feet to fit.
Method: Parents sit on the carpet, with his legs kick the sleeve bottle to rotate the sleeve to show the their child. Then, lower down the high of the sleeve, so that children can also do this "acrobatic performances."