The main causes of lung cancer (and cancer in general) include carcinogens (such as those in tobacco smoke), ionizing radiation, and viral infection.This exposure causes cumulative changes to the DNA in the tissue lining the bronchi of the lungs (the bronchial epithelium).As more tissue becomes damaged, eventually a cancer develops
Smoking
Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer.
In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women). Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%. Among female smokers, the risk is 11.6%. This risk is significantly lower in non-smokers: 1.3% in men and 1.4% in women. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Additionally, nicotine appears to depress the immune response to malignant growths in exposed tissue. The length of time a person smokes as well as the amount smoked increases the person's chance of developing lung cancer. If a person stops smoking, this chance steadily decreases as damage to the lungs is repaired and contaminant particles are gradually removed. Across the developed world, almost 90% of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking. In addition, there is evidence that lung cancer in never-smokers has a better prognosis than in smokers, and that patients who smoke at the time of diagnosis have shorter survival than those who have quit.
Passive smoking—the inhalation of smoke from another's smoking—is a cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. Studies from the U.S., Europe, the UK, and Australia have consistently shown a significant increase in relative risk among those exposed to passive smoke. Recent investigation of sidestream smoke suggests it is more dangerous than direct smoke inhalation.
Radon gas
Radon is a colorless and odorless gas generated by the breakdown of radioactive radium, which in turn is the decay product of uranium, found in the earth's crust. The radiation decay products ionize genetic material, causing mutations that sometimes turn cancerous. Radon exposure is the second major cause of lung cancer after smoking. Radon gas levels vary by locality and the composition of the underlying soil and rocks. For example, in areas such as Cornwall in the UK (which has granite as substrata), radon gas is a major problem, and buildings have to be force-ventilated with fans to lower radon gas concentrations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that one in 15 homes in the U.S. has radon levels above the recommended guideline of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) (148 Bq/m³). Iowa has the highest average radon concentration in the United States; studies performed there have demonstrated a 50% increased lung cancer risk with prolonged radon exposure above the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L.
Asbestos
Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. There is a synergistic effect between tobacco smoking and asbestos in the formation of lung cancer.[10] In the UK, asbestos accounts for 2–3% of male lung cancer deaths. Asbestos can also cause cancer of the pleura, called mesothelioma (which is different from lung cancer).
Viruses
Viruses are known to cause lung cancer in animals and recent evidence suggests similar potential in humans. Implicated viruses include human papillomavirus, JC virus, simian virus 40 (SV40), BK virus and cytomegalovirus. These viruses may affect the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis, allowing uncontrolled cell division.
Originally from Wikipedia.org
Lung Cancer - Causes
Lung Cancer - Epidemiology
Worldwide, lung cancer is the most common cancer in terms of both incidence and mortality with 1.35 million new cases per year and 1.18 million deaths, with the highest rates in Europe and North America. The population segment most likely to develop lung cancer is over-fifties who have a history of smoking. Lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring form of cancer in most western countries, and it is the leading cancer-related cause of death. Although the rate of men dying from lung cancer is declining in western countries, it is actually increasing for women due to the increased takeup of smoking by this group. Among lifetime non-smokers, men have higher age-standardized lung cancer death rates than women.
Not all cases of lung cancer are due to smoking, but the role of passive smoking is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for lung cancer, leading to policy interventions to decrease undesired exposure of non-smokers to others' tobacco smoke. Emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants also pose potential risks.
Eastern Europe has the highest lung cancer mortality among men, while northern Europe and the U.S. have the highest mortality among women.Lung cancer incidence is currently less common in developing countries. With increased smoking in developing countries, the incidence is expected to increase in the next few years, notably in China[ and India.
Lung cancer incidence (by country) has an inverse correlation with sunlight and UVB exposure. One possible explanation is a preventative effect of vitamin D (which is produced in the skin on exposure to sunlight).
Originally from Wikipedia.org
10 method of release Pressure and Anxiety
Pressure and Anxiety not only causing Mental illness but also cancer. To release presure and anxiety, life will becaome better and live in happiness.
1. Tell about your pressure
Tell someone you would like to tell.
Remember that share the pressure, the pressure will reduce half. Share your hapiness, your happiness will double up.
2.Write out
when facing a problem, not to hide from the issue, write it down. This might help you to solve the problem, at least your pressure have been release out.
3. Exhaled pressure
Feeling heavy pressure, the most simple, rapid method is deep breathing, which is deeply absorbing anger, obturator two, three seconds, then slightly open mouth, exhaled slowly, so repeated several times, will resume normal blood circulation, heart rate slow down, and more natural feeling calm.
4. Sport
To find a quiet place outdoors, jogging or walking 20 to 30 minutes, the whole body muscle relaxant.
5.Punch pressure
if the pressure from the high authority and or powerful party, then you can find a sandbag or puppets, then punch it until you mind feel better.
6. Bath
Nice bubble bath can take away your pressure. Enjoy it and let the pressure claim dawn.
7. Sing
Let your voice bring the pressure out from your body. After sing, the pressure might be gone.
8. And some other methed like cheering, crying aloud might help you out from pressure as well. Just open your heart and find the way suitable for you.
Fnally, time keep running no matter what happen, either you choose to leave in pressure or live in happy. Open your mind and open your heart, tomorrow will always better.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma - History
There is a lot of depressing information on the internet about peritoneal mesothelioma and the survival associated with this cancer. Reading it you would think that no one has ever survived peritoneal mesothelioma beyond a year or so. This information is far from comprehensive. To help balance some of the negative information that is so prevalent on the Web, we present some case histories of long-term peritoneal mesothelioma survival as published in the peer reviewed medical literature.
9 Years +
In November 1979, a 73 year-old man had abdominal pain and distension and was found to have an abdominal mass. A laparotomy was performed that revealed peritoneal malignancy with ascites. A biopsy demonstrated that the tumor was malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. No special treatment was recommended other than draining of the ascites. In spite of the continuing ascites and the gradually-enlarging abdominal masses, the patient enjoys good health, and lives independently at home. How many more years (in excess of 9) this patient lived with peritoneal mesothelioma is not known.
See: Norman, P.E. and Whitaker, D., Nine-Year Survival in a Case of Untreated Peritoneal Mesothelioma, Med J Aust 1989; 150: 43-44.
15 Years +
A woman was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma. She had surgery (“total excision”). Seven years later the peritoneal mesothelioma recurred and she had another surgery (“reexcision”). She remains well 15 years after the initial diagnosis. The patient did not receive chemotherapy.
See: Asensio, J.A., et al., Primary Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma: A Report of Seven Cases and a Review of the Literature, Arch Surg; Nov 1990, 125, 1477-1480.
17 + Years
In 1962, a 31 year-old woman had abdominal pain for several months and a mass was detected. She underwent exploratory laparotomy which found tumor nodules spread throughout her abdomen. The diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma was made. Complete surgical removal of the tumor was not possible. She was treated with radioactive phosphorus, radiation, and oral chemotherapy (cytoxan). She remained well for 17 years. In 1979 she had recurrent peritoneal mesothelioma. She was treated with cytoxan again and continued to live as of the writing of the published medical report.
5 step for famale to have beauty figure
Single muscle exercise is not the trend of the campaign, the world's top-class coach to mind are how to combine different types of movement to help practitioners achieve all-round balance and release tension.
1 A hands lateral lumbar action
Lateral lumbar hands: hands extended to the left, until the maximum, further downward rotation, stretching to the limit, to the right,then to the same limit, shrinkage abdomen to bring your top body up.
Imagine the entire fan-like movements such as open and close.
2 limit extension
No pause between every movement, the whole cycle of the same movements such as a clock. Each action should be extended to the limit as far as possible.
3 Strength up chest and shrinkage hip movements
Strength up chest and use your muscle to shrinkage hip. At the same time move your Cervical upward.Keep you hip shringkage and enforce upward by your leg muscle.
Beginner can use a paper as supporting by clamp it at your Knee & Thigh, this might help to maintain the shrinkage.
4.Abdomen Shrinkage
sharinkage abdomen and extend your hand to in front to form your body into a cave-like.Then lying down slowly, feeling his body like a slow rolling wheels.he mo Ensure that you must keep the action slow.
5 fantasy touch wall
Touch the wall: stretching arms (Imaging you are touch a walls in far distance), from the sacral Sacrococcygeal forward a little bit extended in an effort to pull back to a maximum point.
To the contrary, the strength, like a cat wings, and power from the lower abdomen, first mentioned at lower abdomen. A little bit up from the physical body. The whole process releases such as the bullwhip.
